In Beef What Is the Parasite That the Host Needs Blood Before Laying an Egg Mosquito

External Parasites on Beefiness Cattle^ane

Arthropod pests limit product in the beefiness cattle manufacture by affecting animals in many means. External parasites are the most serious threat since they feed on body tissues such as blood, peel, and pilus. The wounds and pare irritation produced by these parasites often effect in discomfort and irritation for the animal. More than significant, even so, is that whatsoever blood-sucking arthropod may transmit diseases from infected animals to healthy ones. In addition, arthropod pests also may reduce weight gains, crusade losses in milk and meat product, produce full general weakness, cause mange and severe dermatitis, and create sites for secondary invasion of affliction organisms. In general, infected livestock cannot be healthy or efficiently managed to realize optimum production levels.

External parasites such as lice, flies, ticks, cattle grubs, and mites are a serious problem to livestock breeders. These pests are about prevalent during the spring and summer months; however, Florida's warm climate permits many pests to alive yr-round.

Flies

Flies (Figure ane) are characterized by having i pair of wings. They accept complete metamorphosis with egg, larva, pupa, and adult stages in their life history. About 20 families of flies are of veterinary importance. One of the most challenging characteristics of flies is their beliefs of being in contact with livestock for just short periods of time. Adequate control tin sometimes be hard because measures must applied at precisely the correct time.

Figure 1. House fly. — Figure ane. House fly.
Credit: J. F. Butler, UF/IFAS

Blood-Sucking Flies

Black Flies

Black flies (Figure 2) are small, dark, stout-bodied flies with a humpbacked appearance. The adult females blood feed mainly during daylight hours and are not host specific. The black fly is a potential illness vector in Florida. It hovers nigh the eyes, ears and nostrils of animals, often alighting and puncturing the skin with an irritating bite. Large numbers of bites may cause weakness from claret loss, anaphylactic shock, or death.

The black wing life bicycle begins with eggs existence deposited on logs, rocks, or solid surfaces in eddies of flowing streams. Larvae adhere themselves to rocks or vegetation with a posterior sucker or threads. The length of the larval menses is quite variable depending on the species and the larval environment. The adults, which sally later pupation, are stiff fliers and may fly 7 to 10 miles from their convenance sites.

Horn Flies

The horn wing (Effigy three) is ane of the virtually serious pests of cattle in Florida. It causes pain, annoyance and interference with feeding, resting, and other normal activities. The fly pierces the peel to blood feed and is a persistent biter. With loftier summer populations, they cause cattle to lose weight and lower milk production. Horn flies may cause open up sores on the head and underline, which can predispose the animals to secondary infection. Flies tend to cluster at preferred sites on the host (primarily the withers and back). Because of their piercing and sucking mouth parts, they are suspected of mechanically transmitting anaplasmosis and other diseases inside the herd.

Horn fly numbers of 50 or more per beast are considered to be of economic importance, although 10,000 to xx,000 per creature have been reported. Blood loss in these farthermost cases can exist considerable.

Eggs are laid exclusively in fresh (within x minutes of dropping) cattle manure. Larvae hatch in about 18 hours and feed on the dung, passing through 3 stages in iii to 5 days. The pupal stage lasts 3 to 5 days, and the adults which emerge have a preoviposition catamenia of 3 days. Mating takes place on the host, and females can lay about 200 eggs in their lifetime. The life cycle from egg to adult takes about 10 to xiv days.

The adults feed intermittently, maybe 20 times a day, and remain on the host day and night, except for oviposition. This makes them susceptible to chemic control measures. Forced utilise dust bags give the best command of horn flies, although sprays, ear tags, and dips likewise may be successfully used. Dorsum rubbers and pour-on-materials tin give command but are usually the least successful. Feed additives may be used for larval command; however, adult populations may not be affected when fly migration keeps populations at high levels.

Equus caballus and Deer Flies

Horse flies (Effigy 4) and deer flies (Figure 5), as well chosen Tabanids, are insects that are unremarkably stiff fliers. Equally with mosquitoes, only females bite. They are normally daytime feeders and are vicious biters. Their attacks often account for lowered weight gains and lowered milk product. Because of their painful bites and frequent attacks, horse flies produce frenzied behavior in their hosts, sometimes causing them to run long distances in an try to escape.

Figure 5. Deer fly. — Figure five. Deer fly.
Credit: James L. Castner, UF/IFAS

Tabanids introduce an anticoagulant into the wound when they seize with teeth that causes blood to ooze. These wounds are splendid sites for secondary invasion of other insects and diseases, and also cause more blood loss. Being intermittent feeders, they can be important mechanical transmitters of diseases such as anthrax, tularemia, and anaplasmosis.

Near species of tabanids are aquatic or semi-aquatic in the immature phase, but some develop in moist soil, leaf mold, or rotting logs. By and large the eggs are deposited in layers on vegetation, objects over water, or moist areas favorable to larval evolution. Eggs hatch in 5 to vii days and the larvae fall to the surface of the water or moist areas where they brainstorm to feed on organic matter.

Many species casualty upon insect larvae, crustacea, snails and earthworms. When the larvae are prepare to pupate, they move into drier soil, ordinarily an inch or two below the surface. The pupal stage lasts ii to 3 weeks, afterward which the adults emerge. The life cycle varies considerably betwixt species, requiring anywhere from seventy days to 2 years. Florida has more than than 122 kinds of horse and deer flies with some species present nearly times of the year. They are difficult pests to command. Daily mist applications will protect animals, simply are difficult for most cattlemen to implement.

Sand Flies and Biting Midges

Sand flies (Figure half-dozen) are small biting flies, also known as punkies, no-see-ums, or biting midges. All these flies breed in moisture or aquatic habitats and are a difficult, most incommunicable, pest to control. These flies are predominately a source of annoyance and irritation, but may also cause suffocation because of large numbers. 1 species is a known vector of bluetongue virus in cattle and some are intermediate hosts of helminths. Little is known of the life cycle of those attacking livestock.

Figure 6. Sand fly. — Figure half dozen. Sand fly.
Credit: UF/IFAS

Stable Flies

The stable fly (Effigy 7), or dog fly, is similar to the house wing in size and color, but the bayonet-similar mouthparts of the stable fly differentiate it from the house fly. Different the flies previously discussed, both sexes of the stable wing are vicious biters. They are strong fliers and range many miles from their breeding site.

Figure 7. Stable fly.
Credit: J. F. Butler, UF/IFAS

Stable flies crusade irritation and weakness in animals and business relationship for much blood loss in astringent cases. Bite wounds too can serve as sites for secondary infection. These flies are easily interrupted in feeding and are mechanical transmitters of anthrax and anaplasmosis. In 2012, their economic impact was estimated to cost the United states cattle industries more than than $2.2 billion per year.

Stable flies breed in soggy hay, grain or feed, piles of moist fermenting weed or grass cuttings, spilled greenish chop, peanut litter, seaweed deposits along beaches, and in manure mixed with hay. The female person, when depositing eggs, will often crawl into loose material, placing the eggs in petty inner pockets. Each female person may lay a total of 500 to 600 eggs in 4 separate layings. Eggs hatch in ii to 5 days and the newly emerged larvae bury themselves, begin to feed, and mature in 14 to 26 days. While the boilerplate life cycle is 28 days, this period will vary from 22 to 58 days, depending on conditions conditions.

Adult flies are capable of flying up to 80 miles from their convenance site. Greater than 10 flies per animal is considered economically dissentious. High numbers bespeak heavy fly breeding in the surface area.

Stable fly control is most successfully approached with cultural control measures. Since the larvae crave a moist convenance media, it is essential that the convenance source exist found and dispersed to let drying. Animal treatments are limited to fogging or mist applications of insecticide.

Non-Blood Sucking Flies

Cattle Grubs

Two species of cattle grubs are plant in the U.s.a., the common cattle chow and the northern cattle grub. The mutual cattle grub is found in Florida; however, the northern cattle grub is usually found only in cattle shipped into Florida from other states.

The common cattle grub (Effigy 8) lays its eggs chiefly on the hair of cattle, attaching v to xv eggs to a single hair. No pain is inflicted at the fourth dimension of oviposition. In the bound (February, March, April, May) cattle gallop madly for water or shade to escape the northern cattle grub (gadding). It is obviously a reaction to the bee-like sound produced by the wing in flight.

Figure 8. Cattle grub. — Effigy 8. Cattle grub.
Credit: UF/IFAS

Eggs hatch inside about 4 days, and the maggots burrow through the skin. Migration of the offset stage larvae of the common cattle grub is through connective tissue, assisted by enzyme secretion. Common cattle grub larvae locate in the mucous membrane of the gullet. Larvae of the northern cattle grub locate in the spinal cord. During the early fall in Florida (Oct–November), migrating first stage larvae begin reaching the backs of cattle where they cut or digest a breathing pigsty through the pare and form a warble.

First stage larvae molt in the warble formed in the back to the second stage in iii to 4 days. The 2nd phase larva molts to the third stage then grows rapidly, feeding on pus, necrotic cells, and secretions from the wall of the warble or cyst. One to 2 months are spent in the warble to accomplish full larval growth. The grub so squeezes through the animate hole in the pare and drops to the ground to pupate. Pupation occurs in 2 to 3 days with the pupal stage lasting 20 to 60 days, depending on the temperature. The complete life wheel requires about a year.

The larvae produce ii types of injury. First there is irritation caused by larval migrations in the body of the host and later past emergence from beneath the skin. 2d, the escape of the larva from the warble leaves an open, running wound that is persistent and subject to secondary infection.

Economic losses are, however, much more of import. Milk production may be reduced as much as ten to 20 per centum, and loss of weight resulting from the wild efforts of the animals to escape from the flies may exist considerable. The value of the carcass depreciates because mankind becomes light-green-yellow and jellylike in appearance where the grubs are located and unfit for consumption. The value of the hide is as well reduced because of the holes cut in the skin.

Timing of treatments for control is important. The grubs must be killed before they reach the gullet or spinal cord, considering killing grubs in these areas can cause swelling, and paralysis or death. "Cutting-off dates" have been established in the U.s. for grub handling. In Florida, grub appearance in the backs or gullets of animals occurs early, so the "cut-off appointment" has been set at August 31.

The treatment period includes that fourth dimension after which egg hatch has ceased until larvae have moved up to, but not into, the back or gullet region. Sprays, dips, feed additives, and cascade-ons are all recommended for cattle grub control, although cascade-ons give best results.

Infestations of Fly Maggots (Myiasis)

Myiasis is the presence of wing larvae in the living tissue of the host. Several kinds of maggots infest the wounds of warm-blooded animals; however, the merely ane that feeds exclusively on live flesh is the principal screwworm. Sterile male person releases take eradicated the primary screwworm fly from the Southeast; but there is abiding danger of reinfestation.

Other species such as, the secondary screwworm and other blow flies, may too infest wounds. These species normally lay their eggs on carcasses of dead animals and may occasionally occur in dead tissue of open wounds. Although these species may cause some harm, they will not eat living mankind and will feed merely on dead flesh and wound secretions. Yet, they may cause some tissue to die and so will feed on this dead tissue.

There is no simple style to differentiate between primary screwworms and other wing larvae. Any suspected screwworm case should be reported to the County Extension Manager. Samples of eggs and maggots should be saved in a modest container filled with 70% alcohol. Wounds should be treated with insecticidal ointment, sprays, or dusts.

Lice

Most lice are permanent ectoparasites, spending their entire lives on the host. Both immature and adult stages are parasitic; therefore, they must remain on their hosts to survive. Each species of louse prefers a sure host. While a species may occur on several breeds of cattle, that same species will non occur on swine or horses. Most sucking lice are too specific to the site they occupy on the host.

V kinds of sucking lice (Figure nine) and i biting louse (Figure ten) are found on cattle in Florida. Sucking lice, which feed on blood, include the long-nosed cattle louse (found on the caput, neck, and brisket during winter to early on spring), the short-nosed cattle louse (institute on the caput, neck, and brisket during winter to early jump), and the cattle tail louse (the adults plant principally in the tail brush and the immatures found on diverse parts of the torso during summer to late autumn and sometimes year round). The only biting louse, the cattle biting louse, feeds on pare and hair, causing itching, irritation, and hair loss. It can be a astringent problem in autumn, winter, or spring. Lice populations vary seasonally, depending largely on the condition of the host. The biting louse and most sucking lice begin to increment in number during the fall and reach peak populations in late winter or early spring. Summer populations are usually minimal, causing no obvious symptoms. The host's "climate" may be extremely important. For example, skin temperature and moisture, quantity or thickness of hair, the amount of oil on the skin, and grooming behavior of the host may appreciably affect the size of the louse population. An beast under stress volition usually back up a larger lice population than is normal.

Figure 9. Long-nosed cattle louse (sucking louse).
Credit: J. F. Butler, UF/IFAS

Figure 10. Biting louse. — Figure x. Biting louse.
Credit: J. F. Butler, UF/IFAS

Lice are by and large transmitted from one animal to some other by contact. Transmission from herd to herd is usually achieved by introduction of carrier animals, although some lice may move from place to place by clinging to flies (phoresy).

Feeding lice irritate host animals, and infestations may be recognized by animal beliefs. Sucking lice pierce the host's skin and draw blood. Bitter lice have chewing mouthparts and feed on particles of hair, scab, and skin exudations. The irritation from louse-feeding causes animals to rub and scratch, producing raw areas on the pare or loss of hair. Weight loss may occur as a result of nervousness and improper nutrition. The host oft is listless. In severe cases, blood loss to sucking lice can atomic number 82 to anemia and may produce ballgame.

Female lice mucilage their eggs to the hair of the host, shut to the skin. The eggs hatch in 8 to 12 days, depending on the species and temperature. The nymphs go through 3 stages and are fully developed in about 3 weeks. The usual time from egg to egg-laying adult will be about 25 to 28 days.

Control of louse infestations is needed whenever an beast scratches and rubs to backlog. Louse control is hard since pesticides do not impale the louse egg. Since eggs of about species will hatch 8 to 12 days after pesticide application, retreatment is necessary 2 weeks later on the first pesticide application. To preclude introduction of new louse infestations, intendance should exist taken to care for whatever new brute introduced into the herd.

Cattle tail lice are a special problem because eggs tin survive and hatch upwardly to 40 days after oviposition. A 3-week interval between treatments is recommended so virtually eggs will take hatched by the fourth dimension the second application is made. The cattle tail louse (Figure eleven) is a trouble in the summer and fall seasons.

The best control of lice is accomplished with forced use of dust bags. Residue sprays, dips, and pour-on materials may also requite satisfactory control.

Figure 11. Cattle tail louse.
Credit: UF/IFAS

Mites

Mites accept the abdomen broadly joined to the thorax with little or no evidence of segmentation. Adults and nymphs generally have 8 legs, and the larval phase has half-dozen. The life cycle of many species requires less than 4 weeks and in some it is as curt as 8 days. All but a few species of mites are minute and barely visible to the naked middle.

Itch (Figure 12) and mange mites (Psoroptes, Sarcoptes, and Chorioptes) feed on the surface or burrow but beneath the skin, making very slender, winding tunnels from 0.ane to 1 inch long. The fluid discharged at the tunnel openings dries to course nodules. A toxin is also secreted that causes intense irritation and itching. Infested animals rub and scratch continuously, oft producing inflamed areas with merely scattered hairs remaining. The infection may spread over the entire torso, forming big, cracked scabs on the thickened skin. Infestations are contagious and treatment of all animals in a herd is essential in preventing spread.

Follicular mites are microscopic, cigar-shaped, worm-like organisms that live within the skin. All stages of the life bicycle are found within the pilus follicle. The mite causes nodular lesions in the skin that sometimes break, producing holes in the hide and opening the skin to secondary infection. Control is difficult because of the depth of penetration of the mites.

Mosquitoes

Mosquitoes (Figure xiii) are small insects with piercing-sucking mouthparts, and scales on their wings. Female mosquitoes suck claret only do not e'er need blood to lay the showtime batch of eggs. Several species of mosquitoes assault livestock causing painful bites, unthriftiness, and occasionally death by suffocation or heavy blood loss. In addition, their attacks tin cause loss of weight and decreased milk production.

The musquito life cycle (Figure fourteen) consists of four stages. The eggs are laid either directly on the water surface or on damp soil and sides of containers that will exist flooded later. Common convenance sites for mosquitoes are drainage ditches, ponds, tin cans, quondam tires, and tree holes. The eggs of most species hatch in ii to three days, and the larvae or "wigglers" feed on organic matter in the water. The larvae pass through 4 stages in virtually 7 to 10 days. The pupal phase lasts 2 to 3 days, and the adult emerges from the pupal pare at the water surface.

Figure 14. Mosquito life cycle. — Figure fourteen. Mosquito life bicycle.
Credit: UF/IFAS

If mosquitoes are a serious problem to livestock in your area, control measures should be implemented. The most constructive control method available is source reduction by removing or draining mosquito breeding sites. Daily fogging or aerosoling for adult mosquitoes may provide relief, but simply as a temporary control measure.

Ticks

Ticks (Figure xv) are easily distinguished from insects, since the body is not definitely divided and the potent fusion of the thorax and abdomen produces a sac-similar, leathery appearance. A distinct head is defective, but in that location is a head-similar structure that bears recurved teeth that are inserted into the wound, allowing the tick to hold on strongly. Females can go greatly distended and are bean-like in class when fully engorged. Ticks take 4 developmental stages: egg, 6-legged seed or larval stage, 8-legged nymphal phase, and 8-legged adult.

Figure 15. Lone star tick. — Figure fifteen. Solitary star tick.
Credit: UF/IFAS

A fully engorged female normally deposits eggs (from 100 to 18,000) on the ground. The larval or seed ticks emerging from eggs commonly climb upwards grasses or other depression vegetation to contact passing animals. The larvae molt into nymphs and go through iii to five nymphal stages (soft ticks merely). Ticks (Effigy sixteen) remain in the eight-legged form in both nymphal and adult stages. The bulk drop off the host to molt after feeding. Males, females, and immatures all feed on blood and lymph.

The effects of ticks upon the host include inflammation, itching and swelling at the seize with teeth site, blood loss, production of wounds that may serve as sites for secondary invasion, obstruction of body openings, and paralysis from the injection of toxic fluids. They besides transmit many diseases, including anaplasmosis, bovine piroplasmosis, and tularemia. Some ticks accept the ability to transmit diseases to their offspring without feeding on a diseased fauna.

Tick control may be attempted through premise control with insecticides. Premise control kills ticks which are either engorged or on foliage waiting to contact a host. On animals, tick command is best achieved with insecticide sprays or dips.

Keys To Pesticide Safety

Before using any pesticide, cease and read the precautions.
Read the label on each pesticide container before each apply. Heed all warnings and precautions.
Store all pesticides in their original containers away from nutrient or feed.
Proceed pesticides out of the attain of children, pets, and livestock.
Apply pesticides only every bit directed.
Dispose of empty containers promptly and safely.

Recommendations in this document are guidelines simply. The user must insure that the pesticide is applied in strict compliance with label directions.

The Food and Drug Assistants has established residue tolerances for certain insecticides in the meat of sure animals. When these and other approved insecticides are practical according to recommendations, the pests should be effectively controlled and the animals' products will be condom for consumption.

The improper use of insecticides may result in residue in milk or meat. Such products must not be delivered to processing plants. To avoid excessive residues, apply the insecticides recommended at the time recommended and in the amounts recommended.

See ENY-272 Pesticide Condom around Animals for information on how to correctly and safely treat livestock with insecticides.

Locating an Canonical Pesticide

In 2014, a group of livestock entomologists, as a function of Multistate Hatch Project S-1060, developed an online organization for obtaining the names of registered pesticides advisable for utilize with livestock and pets. This is a state-specific database (but certain states are represented, and Florida is one of these); if you are in another state, you must exist certain that your country is represented in the dropdown list.

This database is easily searchable by the blazon of brute or site that you want to treat (such as a barn), as well as the targeted pest. From these two selections, you can then choose the "Method of Application" and the "Formulation Type." To use this arrangement, please visit the post-obit website https://www.veterinaryentomology.org/vetpestx.

Although we continuously strive to keep this database electric current, it is ultimately your responsibility to ensure that the product that you choose is registered in Florida (and the application is fabricated in Florida) and that y'all use the product in accordance with the label requirements and local laws and ordinances. Remember, "the label is the law" for pesticide employ, and the uses indicated on the characterization, including the site of awarding and targeted pest(s) must exist on the label.

If y'all have any challenges with this organisation, please contact your local UF/IFAS Extension role (http://sfyl.ifas.ufl.edu/map/index.shtml) or for boosted aid contact Dr. Phillip Kaufman, pkaufman@ufl.edu.

Selected References

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Source: https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IG130